What Are Dietary Reference Intakes? -- Comparison of Recommended Dietary Allowances and Adequate Intakes -- Approach for Setting Dietary Reference Intakes -- Criteria and Proposed Values for Tolerable Upper Intake Levels -- Using Dietary Reference Intakes to Assess the Nutrient Intake of Groups -- How to Meet Recommended Dietary Allowances or Adequate Intakes -- Recommendations -- Introduction to Dietary Reference Intakes -- What Are Dietary Reference Intakes? -- Categories of Dietary Reference Intakes -- Parameters for Dietary Reference Intakes -- B Vitamins and Choline: Overview and Methods -- Methodological Considerations -- Estimates of Laboratory Values -- Estimates of Nutrient Intake -- Dietary Intakes in the United States and Canada -- Model for the Development of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels -- Model for the Derivation of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels -- Risk Assessment and Food Safety -- Application of the Risk Assessment Model to Nutrients -- Steps in the Development of the Tolerable Upper Intake Level -- Thiamin -- Selection of Indicators for Estimating the Requirement for Thiamin -- Factors Affecting the Thiamin Requirement -- Findings by Life Stage and Gender Group -- Intake of Thiamin -- Tolerable Upper Intake Levels -- Research Recommendations for Thiamin -- Riboflavin -- Selection of Indicators for Estimating the Requirement for Riboflavin -- Factors Affecting the Riboflavin Requirement -- Approaches for Deriving the Estimated Average Requirement -- Findings by Life Stage and Gender Group -- Intake of Riboflavin -- Tolerable Upper Intake Levels -- Research Recommendations for Riboflavin -- Niacin -- Selection of Indicators for Estimating the Requirement for Niacin -- Factors Affecting the Niacin Requirement -- Findings by Life Stage and Gender Group -- Intake of Niacin -- Tolerable Upper Intake Levels -- Research Recommendations for Niacin -- Vitamin B[subscript 6] -- Selection of Indicators for Estimating the Requirement for Vitamin B[subscript 6] -- Factors Affecting the Vitamin B[subscript 6] Requirement -- Findings by Life Stage and Gender Group -- Intake of Vitamin B[subscript 6] -- Tolerable Upper Intake Levels -- Research Recommendations for Vitamin B[subscript 6] -- Folate -- Selection of Indicators for Estimating the Requirement for Folate -- Methodological Issues -- Factors Affecting the Folate Requirement -- Findings by Life Stage and Gender Group -- Reducing Risk of Developmental Disorders and Chronic Degenerative Disease -- Intake of Folate -- Tolerable Upper Intake Levels -- Research Recommendations for Folate -- Vitamin B[subscript 12] -- Selection of Indicators for Estimating the Requirement for Vitamin B[subscript 12] -- Methodological Issues -- Diagnosis -- Factors Affecting the Vitamin B[subscript 12] Requirement -- Findings by Life Stage and Gender Group -- Intake of Vitamin B[subscript 12] -- Tolerable Upper Intake Levels -- Research Recommendations for Vitamin B[subscript 12] -- Pantothenic Acid -- Selection of Indicators for Estimating the Requirement for Pantothenic Acid -- Factors Affecting the Pantothenic Acid Requirement -- Findings by Life Stage and Gender Group -- Intake of Pantothenic Acid -- Tolerable Upper Intake Levels -- Research Recommendations for Pantothenic Acid -- Biotin -- Selection of Indicators for Estimating the Requirement for Biotin -- Factors Affecting the Biotin Requirement -- Findings by Life Stage and Gender Group -- Intake of Biotin -- Tolerable Upper Intake Levels -- Research Recommendations for Biotin -- Choline -- Selection of Indicators for Estimating the Requirement for Choline -- Factors Affecting the Choline Requirement -- Findings by Life Stage and Gender Group -- Intake of Choline -- Tolerable Upper Intake Levels -- Research Recommendations for Choline -- Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes -- Using Recommended Dietary Allowances -- Using Adequate Intakes -- Using Tolerable Upper Intake Levels -- Using Estimated Average Requirements -- Other Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes -- Specific Applications -- Research Agenda -- Approach -- Important Features of Studies to Estimate Requirements -- Major Knowledge Gaps -- Research Agenda -- Origin and Framework of the Development of Dietary Reference Intakes -- Acknowledgments -- Systeme International d'Unites -- Search Strategies -- Methodological Problems Associated with Laboratory Values and Food Composition Data for B Vitamins -- Dietary Intake Data from the Boston Nutritional Status Survey, 1981-1984 -- Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994-1995 -- Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994 -- Daily Intakes of B Vitamins by Canadian Men and Women, 1990, 1993 -- Options for Dealing with Uncertainties in Developing Tolerable Upper Intake Levels -- Blood Concentrations of Folate and Vitamin B[subscript 12] from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994 -- Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase -- Evidence from Animal Studies on the Etiology of Neural Tube Defects -- Estimation of the Period Covered by Vitamin B[subscript 12] Stores -- Biographical Sketche -- Glossary and Abbreviations -- SUMMARY TABLE, Dietary Reference Intakes: Recommended Intakes for Individuals.
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