Searching for answers to the why and how of struggling readers -- Introduction to Benchmark's interactive learning model and person variables -- Exploring the strengths and challenges of struggling readers : personality -- Exploring the strengths and challenges of struggling readers : intelligence, physical development, and health -- The context for learning : teacher knowledge, classroom culture, and instruction -- The context for learning : sociocultural, task, and text variables -- Learning principles about the interaction of variables, explicit instruction, and social activity -- Learning principles that guide classroom instruction : developmental, motivational, and accountability issues -- Learning principles to share with students -- Strategies for reading words : teaching phonemic awareness, decoding, and fluency -- Activities that reinforce word detective practices -- Comprehension strategies -- Explicit explanations of comprehension strategies for grades 1-8 -- Rationale for teaching concepts, essential understandings, and knowledge structures -- Afterword : five major insights from 45 years of teaching struggling readers.
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